Abstract
This is a review of the conference, Reading Digital Literature at Brown University,
organized by Roberto Simanowski (Brown University and Dichtung
Digital) October 4-7, 2007.
Close Reading in the Realm of Static and Dynamic Texts
Review of Reading Digital Literature at Brown University,
organized by Roberto Simanowski (Brown University and Dichtung
Digital) October 4-7, 2007.
One often approaches paper-based texts as unified, stable with little to no self-generative
properties. Such texts are objects and characterized by a linear structure, which
can be traced
to a single author. We think of texts that mirror meaning through the stylistic and
rhetorical
devices as well as through all nuances and connotations of language its author uses.
We pay
attention to the vocabulary, construction, grammar, imagery and symbolism the author
applies to his
text, and we carefully read through these texts with the aim of noting all the striking
features
that the text manifests, noting also relationships of textual elements that point
at things
outside of the text. We do this with a physical marker, underlining significant text
passages
and annotating comments on the text, namely on the page the text is
written (and therefore tangible). By following an author’s reasoning inductively we
conduct
observations and interpretations which we want to prove in the text, and we can do
so by
pointing directly to the relevant passage. In short, before considering other analytical
possibilities, we start a close reading by taking into account the stylistic, linguistic,
semantic, structural and cultural properties of a text.
What can we refer to in texts that are produced within programmable media that do
not
incorporate a narrated unified property, texts that move and morph, that change by
mouse-over or
are altered randomly by the computer-program itself? How can we conduct a close reading
of
literature that is displayed on intangible screens such as installations, or literature
that
isn’t even symbolized by visible alphabetical characters and that merges different
media
seamlessly? For authors like Daniel Howe, digital literature is meant to augment the
“writing process” via digital/procedural processes;
[1] for the reader this
augmentation renders almost palpable the need for new reading strategies. New reading
strategies
require a broadening of the close reading concept that applies to traditional texts.
Close reading literature that is produced within programmable media implies more
than close
reading. It means to look beyond the surface, beyond the visible written word, it
means to
examine the complex production processes that operate within a work of digital literature
accompanied, for example, by animated or machine-generated random words that alter
signification. And since writing itself is technology, the writing technology (software,
programming) of digital texts needs to be examined; that is, how the code affects
a piece of
digital literature. The code that underlies a work of digital literature is meaning-making
and
therefore not to be underestimated in the critical analysis that goes along with a
close
scholarly reading of digital literature. Tools of literary criticism need to be reconfigured
towards an elaborated interdisciplinary perspective emphazising media studies and
evaluation of
programming effects in digital literature.
[2] Stating this isn’t meant to transform the critic into a critical software
engineer; I do think, however, that a critic who is writing an elaborated critique
of a digital
work should bring to bear at least simple
“code grammar” knowledge
“and be acquainted with some of the structures and strategies that underlie
software engineering in any programming language”
[
Murray 1995].
Reading Digital Literature
Aiming at bringing ten scholars and practitioners together to undertake close readings
of
digital literature in order to
“advance the field of digital literature and
digital humanities”, to entail the
“understanding of the language of
digital media” and to develop
“reading competence” in the
realm of digital literature, media and art, Roberto Simanowski’s opening words to
the conference
Reading Digital Literature might still echo in participants’
minds, reminding them that
“[T]his is a special moment in the history of
digital literature” [
Simanowski 2007]. N. Katherine Hayles amplified Simanowski's sentiment by calling on
conference participants
“to move away from highly generalized accounts into
detailed and specific readings that account, in media-specific ways, for the practices,
effects, and interpretations of important works” (quoted in [
Simanowski 2007]).
Simanowski and Hayles’s remarks call to mind earlier discussions between scholars
and
practitioners of digital art and literature who already tried to draw our attention
to the
development of a new digital literacy. In 2002, for example, the Electronic Literature
Organization’s symposium on the State of the Arts discussed
“Multimedia Criticism”, exploring the role of multimedia techniques in critical
writing. Nevertheless, the event this October at Brown University for the first time
focused on
close readings of digital literature presented within a conference format that permitted
time
for immediate discussions and follow-ups. Simanowski had a useful approach: each of
the ten
presentations was followed by a comment provided by another presenter. Through this
intersection, two perspectives on the same topic were presented. Additionally, the
commentary
served as an opener for each discussion, and participants, presenters and conference
guests
alike engaged in numerous constructive dialogues, exchanging views and arguments in
the
moderated debates that were mostly too short in time (as frequently happens at conferences).
The three-day conference that opened at Brown’s List Arts Center, exhibiting three
installations of digital literature (Daniel Howe’s Text Curtain,
Aya Karpinska’s For This We Pray and John Cayley’s
Imposition), had much to offer and mirrored Simanowski’s aim of bringing together
practitioners and artists shifting between co-events like public screenings, digital
writing
performances of Brown-affiliated authors and the conference itself. The conference
ended with a
“brainstorming lunch” after a lively discussion among scholars of the
humanities departments and experts from the electronic writing programs who exchanged
ideas on
how meaning is being generated in works of digital literature by discussing aesthetic
effects
the artist produces with code.
The conference papers were presented by widely-known researchers, some among them
recognized
for their pioneering studies in the field of digital literature: Chris Funkhouser,
Peter
Gendolla, N. Katherine Hayles, Fotis Jannidis, Rita Raley, Francisco Ricardo, Jörgen
Schäfer,
Thomas Swiss, Karin Wenz and Mark Tribe. Their papers presented close readings of
works that
included the interactive drama Michael Mateas’ and Andrew Stern’s Façade, the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R, Slippingglimpse by Stephanie Strickland and Cynthia Jaramillo, the
installations Text Rain (Camille Utterback, Romy Achituv), and
Listening Post (Mark Hansen, Ben Rubin), Thomas Swiss’ three
versions of his collaborative work Blind Side of a Secret, the
Hypertext The Demon Machine (Esther Hunziker, Felix Zbinden), and
presentations on Poetry Machines like Christopher Strachey's Love Letter
Generator and Syntext that refers to the poetry of Text
Generators. The conference explored a wide range of works of digital literature that
were for
the first time presented and discussed with a close reading.
Posing the difficult questions over the appropriate reading methods through which
digital
literature should be approached, and asking how to read a digital sign, Simanowski
initiated the
discussion on how to develop a digital literacy that
“develops by exploring
the semiotics of the technical effects in digital media”
[
Simanowski 2007]. To my mind, the question of
how to read digital
literature forces scholars not only to develop a reading competence for advancing
the
understanding of works but also to evolve substantial and illustrative techniques
for an
adequate criticism in the field of
“literary digital studies”. Taking into
account what the conference was aiming for, this article addresses problems of close
reading
digital literature and reviews an exemplary method of a close reading that Rita
Raley presented,
“reading”
List(en)ing Post.
Close Reading Techniques
A good point of departure is to discuss the meaning of
“close reading” in its
conventional sense when applied to traditional literature.
[3] This procedure is justified
because we are facing a new and rather young form of literature that has not yet developed
its
own theory of reading. Today we find ourselves faced with manipulated texts that reorder
the
structure of reading through the use of programmable media. Digital literature that
is
distributed by computerized media is in need of a reading theory that takes into account
the
changes the digital environment causes with all its consequences, presenting:
“eventilized texts” (Hayles, quoted in [
Simanowski 2007]), kinetic texts, algorithmic interpolations, machine-based randomly
recombined and generated texts, plays with legibility, video and animated flash-poems,
interactive narratives and games, hypertext and hyperfictions, writing in immersive
virtual
reality, and installations. These alter the readers’ reception and also transform
aspects of
literariness in the works, as well. It is not far-fetched to claim that we should
move away from traditional literary studies that focus on static text, broadening
our theories
to encompass
“digital literary studies” and preparing them to address literature
that is born-digital. This claim, however, does not mean that we should neglect literary
studies
which will always serve as a starting point of any discussion of digital literature
— for its
theories will always serve as a touchstone for further critical studies — but that
we should
allow our bearings to adjust to the medium at hand.
[4]
Considering Reading Strategies
The conference Reading Digital Literature that brought together
scholars from different scientific fields also explored diverse reading strategies
and
perspectives that enriched the possible approaches of reading digital literature.
What will
follow before I present a “close reading review” of Rita Raley’s presentation on
Listening Post is a summary of the approaches that were undertaken
by the presenters that aims to find common ground and focuses on the main reading
methods used.
There is a diversity of approaches when undertaking a close reading. Jörgen Schäfer
drew out
the Aristotelian theory of drama that underlies the interactive drama Façade, exploring the hybridization of the literary genre from the perspective of
literary and performance studies. Another course of studies followed Fotis Jannidis
invoked
elements of pop culture when analyzing the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R in relation to the paradigms of the ego-shooter genre. He contributed a
hermeneutics of this art. Art itself was questioned. Mark Tribe discussed the Flash
work of
Young-Hae Chang Heavy Industries one of whose recent works, The Art of Sleep, draws out various tendencies in digital art and the
contemporary art world generally, and takes on central issues concerning the futility
of art and
the difficulty of defining it. Raley commented on Tribe’s presentation, pointing out
that taking
the “art question” seriously is “always
lethal”. She read Tribe’s presentation as highlighting the absence of signature aspects
of Chang’s work, wondering if this were “partly to do with limitations of
Flash (kinetic text), which introduces a tension between contemplation and distraction”.
Actually, Tribe himself drew our attention to the software that Young-Hae Chang Heavy Industries used: Flash. He explained how this software could be
used creatively but without any reference to what happens to the reader or the viewer
of Chang’s
Bust Down the Doors! and The Art of
Sleep.
The question of what happens to the reader when evaluating the repercussions on her
of the
literary work was barely acknowledged in the close readings of the presenters. Peter
Gendolla
who reminded us of the traditional functions that literature used to provide by examining
Christopher Strachey's Love Letter Generator, contrasting it with
traditional poetry, and thereby attempting to ascertain whether in this way it is
possible
either to isolate or to retrieve the literary process.
Literariness is a crucial point to take into account in connection with generated
literature.
Is any literariness remarkable? Chris Funkhouser presented poetry outcomes from Syntext, a collection of fifteen computer programs from the 70s, 80s, and
90s that automatically generate various styles of poetry in DOS. His method and procedure
are
worth noting since he reported on the inner workings of the machine as well as on
the outcomes,
analyzing the generated poetry similarly to the methods applied to close readings
in traditional
literature by commenting on, for example, syntax and structure. Thus, this again was
an approach
that resulted in the confrontation of both the literary- and the machine-generated
literature.
Integrating this perspective with the view on the coding and programming possibilities
was a
skilled approach that applied to Hayles’s call to process “media-specific” readings. Karin Wenz’s analysis of the hypertextual work, The demon machine or 80 ways to face a demon, offered a close reading of
the interface and its multi-medial dimensions. Wenz's close reading approach was “media-specific”, but her analysis lacked focus on the literariness that is
applied to the piece (even though there are more videos and images than text implemented
in the
hypertext). The presentation was perhaps overly centered on the interface following
both a
highly descriptive and detailed explanation of the work’s structure, but it was not
a close
reading of the literature or narrative itself. Another close reading that scratched
the surface
of what “close reading” might be was Thomas Swiss’s “personal
alphabet”. Swiss claimed that he “shies away” from methods.
Instead, he wrote in the manner of a piece of digital literature itself: with surprising
surrealistic turns and remarks on Roland Barthes, Jonathan Culler and responses to
proper
questions of criticism or critique, elaborating a responsive nonlinear paper.
What was once again missing from this? Attention to the literary work that Swiss
was
addressing, namely a poem that had been transposed into three versions of digital
literature.
What was the poem about?! I close this general overview with N. Katherine Hayles’
and Francisco
Ricardo’s close reading methods and then give a “close reading review” of Rita
Raley’s List(en)ing Post presentation.
Hayles’s close reading was rich in its applied methods, both reading and contextualizing
the
form, content and structure of Strickland and Lawson Jaramillo’s Slippingglimpse, and bringing these elements into relation with each other by
approaching the reading along “three major axes of interpretation”.
Hayles offers a way to read this work, taking into account the “inner
workings” and the algorithms of the piece, she is spelling out how the machine
“reads” the text, the poem that underlies the digital artwork that includes
video, images and a kinetic text. By detailed explanations of how the intended programming
interplays with the meaning, Hayles gives a very close reading of the work that serves
as an
example “what reading might mean in digital media”.
Similarly concerned with the connection between text, and visual patterns, Ricardo’s
presentation of the installation Text Rain refers to “literature as a genre of text wrapped in a mantle of imagery”. Here, he
offers a reading of the “discursive spaces” of the “transmodal” work Text Rain by drawing a
distinction over the “de-modalization” that characterizes “pure literature” and framing the relation of imagery and literature within
historic, ontological and philosophical perspectives that mirror the longstanding
“tension in relating word to image within the literary experience”. Thus,
his close reading manifests through drawing attention to the larger “
écriture
” of the works’ literary space. And here, like Swiss and Hayles, he considers aims
that
criticism might and might not bear, approaching the reading of the piece in Sontag’s
manner,
against interpretation.
Swiss, Hayles and Ricardo exhibit a common ground in methodological approaches: they
refer
back to traditional generic concepts and confront traditional literature with the
outcomes of
the digital (Schäfer, Gendolla, Funkhouser, Raley). Others frame a work within another
realm of
digital art and culture (Jannidis, Wenz, Tribe, Raley). Swiss, Hayles and Ricardo
also discuss
the methodology of a close reading. Additionally, some of the close readings referred
to the
code and algorithm that underlies a work (Funkhouser, Tribe, Raley, Hayles) which
is worth
noting since the code is, in my view, a crucial instrument of meaning making in digital
literature. Thus, I have chosen Rita Raley’ close reading presentation on Listening Post.
Close Reading Raley’s List(en)ing Post
It is remarkable that Rita Raley’s presentation at the conference is simply titled
with the
work it refers to:
Listening Post. And this and nothing else is
what Raley deals with, offering a close and specific reading of the installation by
commenting
on aesthetic aspects. Listening Post’s literary value, by discussing form, structure
and content
and last but not least by drawing analogies to the realm of digital culture. Even
though Raley
doesn’t present specific insights to the tools of software that were used (written
with/in Perl,
using C, Max/MSP, C++, sh/tcsh, R) she brings up general information on the
“inner
workings” of the machines that control the output by describing the effects of the
installation’s algorithm. The analytical insights that she did bring to bear were,
however,
ample, and necessary for the better understanding what
Listening
Post is and what happens while the installation is processing. Here, it is probably not
essential to know more about the specific programming code. In
Listening
Post the installation itself and its output bear the meaning — arguably, more so than
the
code. What happens visibly and aurally is essential. The software used and its programming
serve, in this case, as a means to underpin the meanings Hansen and Rubin intended
to generate,
that is to
capture the moments of human connection
[
Reas 2007].
[5]
There is a distinction in analysing the interplay of content-intention, form and
structure.
Other works of digital literature might project a meaning into a specific code performance;
in
Listening Post it seems like the tools are, as mentioned, aids in
performing a meaning that does not lie in the code itself. Raley is successful in
presenting the
artist’s transferred meaning, outlining the project’s significance that is derived
amongst other
instances from “its virtuoso technique” and its literary value that
“allows us to encounter a social totality in all of its complexity
(…)”. Her close reading technique is detailed but differs (of course) from reading
techniques that refer to print-based texts. However, she proceeds conscientiously,
inductively,
reporting on the seven cycles the installation traverses, describing the applying
arrangements
that refer to visual, aural and musical levels. Raley reflects on the cycles meanings,
their
effects, keeping in mind the “viewer”, not the “reader”, who experiences textual upheavals, a-semantics, illegibility, words that are
sounded out by the Listening Post’s text-to-speech engine that treats abbreviations
and acronyms
as words that “one has to move in to isolate a single display to
read”. The experiences Raley evokes from the installation allow her to allude to other
works of visual and literary art (indicating Gibson’s cyberspace, Pynchon’s circuit
card and the
circuitry in the film 13th Floor, Mark Lombardi and Chris Jordan, as well as media
artists that
deal with surveillance). Raley takes note of another aspect of Listening
Post: the organization of information on PowerPoint slides, lists that allude to “the interplay between the individual and the cumulative whole”. She points
out that Listening Post brings such lists into some form of
relation and synthesis with the “long-term tradition of literary lists” that are used
to produce
aesthetic effects.
On the whole, Raley is successful in her close reading thanks to the interdisciplinary
approach she has chosen, moving back and forth between related themes, outlining observations
made in the realm of digital culture and always returning to the reading of the work
itself:
Listening Post.
What one might derive from the whole conference is that there is still a need for
an
elaborated methodology of close reading. The approaches were as different as the works
of
digital literature that were discussed, even though it is possible to categorize them
all in a
summary way. The central problem of theorizing the close reading of digital literature
is the
diversity of digital literature. Each work uses distinct software environments, different
multi-medial devices, programming methods, and algorithmic strategies, as well as
distinct
varieties of interplay with text. This makes it difficult to maintain the theory
since it would have to combine disciplinary perspectives which should apply to the
heterogeneity
of a work. Criticism of digital literature will always be diverse because the object
of its
focus is, as we have argued, inherently diverse. Having said this, there are three
themes that
should remain consistent in a critical examination: The question of what is literary;
a focus on
its underlying code that affects digital literature; and Hayles's proposed “media-specific” analysis.
Works Cited
Murray 1995
Murray, J. H.
“The Pedagogy of Cyberfiction: Teaching a Course on Reading and Writing
Interactive Narrative”. In Barrett, E. and M. Redmond
(eds), Contextual Media: Multimedia and Interpretation.
Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
1995.
Peterson 2006
Peterson, T.
“New Media Poetry and Poetics. From Concrete to Codework: Praxis in Networked
and Programmable Media”. In “New Media Poetry and Poetics”
Special Issue, Leonardo Electronic Almanac, Vol. 14, no.
5-6, 2006.
Reas 2007
Reas, C. and Fry, B.
Processing: A Programming Handbook for Visual Designers and Artists.
Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
2007.
Simanowski 2007
Simanowski, R. Opening Words. Reading Digital
Literature Conference. Providence, Rhode Island. 4-7 October
2007.